Biography
Overview
Sigmund Freud trained as a neurologist in Vienna, researching cocaine (briefly, enthusiastically) and the nervous systems of eels before turning to the mystery that would consume his life: hysteria. Working with Josef Breuer, he encountered patients whose physical symptoms had no physical cause, and discovered that talking about traumatic memories could make those symptoms disappear.
This was the birth of the 'talking cure.' Freud developed it into psychoanalysis: a theory of mind (conscious, preconscious, unconscious; later id, ego, superego), a method of treatment (free association, dream interpretation, analysis of transference), and eventually a philosophy of civilization itself. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) argued that dreams are disguised wish-fulfillments, the royal road to the unconscious.
His theories of infant sexuality, the Oedipus complex, and the death drive scandalized Victorian society, and attracted disciples who spread psychoanalysis worldwide before many (Jung, Adler, Reich) broke away to form their own schools.
Freud’s world, year by year
18561939
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Dated facts
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- 1856Sigmund Freud was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud on 6 May 1856 to Ashkenazi Jewish parents in Freiberg, Moravia, in the Austrian Empire.
- 1873He began studying medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873 and graduated with an MD in March 1881.
- 1886In 1886 he entered private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous disorders, and that year married Martha Bernays.
- 1895With Josef Breuer he published Studies on Hysteria in 1895, setting out the psychogenetic origins of hysteria.
- 1899In 1899 he published The Interpretation of Dreams, analysing dreams as wish-fulfilments shaped by repression and censorship.
- 1902From 1902 a Wednesday group met at his Berggasse 19 apartment; in 1908 it became the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, with Freud as president.
- 1938After the Anschluss of 13 March 1938 he left Vienna on 4 June and arrived in London on 6 June 1938.
- 1939Suffering from inoperable cancer of the jaw, he died in London on 23 September 1939 after doses of morphine.
Alive at the same time
Overlap Same years; not influence
Wars during this life
- World War I
- World War II
- Dutch–Aceh War
- Banana Wars
- Somaliland Campaign (Dervish War)
- Italo-Senussi War
Sources
Primary works and follow-on reading.
Primary Sources
- The Interpretation of Dreams
- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
- Beyond the Pleasure Principle
- Civilization and Its Discontents
- Reference profile for Sigmund Freud
Further Reading
- Freud: A Life for Our Time - Peter Gay
- Introducing Psychoanalysis - Nigel C. Benson
FAQ
Frequently asked questions about Sigmund Freud.
Who was Sigmund Freud?
Sigmund Freud trained as a neurologist in Vienna, researching cocaine (briefly, enthusiastically) and the nervous systems of eels before turning to the mystery that would consume his life: hysteria. Working with Josef Breuer, he encountered patients whose physical symptoms had no physical cause, and discovered that talking about traumatic memories could make those symptoms disappear. This was the birth of the 'talking cure.' Freud developed it into psychoanalysis: a theory of mind (conscious, preconscious, unconscious; later id, ego, superego), a method of treatment (free association, dream interpretation, analysis of transference), and eventually a philosophy of civilization itself. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) argued that dreams are disguised wish-fulfillments, the royal road to the unconscious. His theories of infant sexuality, the Oedipus complex, and the death drive scandalized Victorian society, and attracted disciples who spread psychoanalysis worldwide before many (Jung, Adler, Reich) broke away to form their own schools.
What was Sigmund Freud best known for?
Freud is best known as a scientist. Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis and explored the unconscious through dreams and talk therapy.
When did Sigmund Freud live?
Freud lived 1856-1939 CE, born in 1856 and died in 1939, during the modern period.
Can I chat with an AI version of Sigmund Freud?
Yes, free. Anyone can ask Freud, and a first question needs no account. Every answer is a Simulation in character, grounded in Freud’s real life, work and era. A good first question is: "I keep having the same dream over and over, what might that mean?"
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- Narrative Analysis: Reading dreams, slips, and symptoms
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“Sigmund Freud.” HistorIQly. https://historiqly.com/ai-historical-figures/sigmund-freud/
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