Biography
Overview
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in 106 BCE in Arpinum, a provincial town about sixty miles from Rome. His family was prosperous but not noble, what Romans called 'new men' who had to make their way by talent rather than ancestry. Cicero chose law and rhetoric, studying in Rome, Athens, and Rhodes under the greatest teachers of the age.
His voice became his weapon. He rose through the Roman political ranks, quaestor, aedile, praetor, winning each office at the youngest legal age. As consul in 63 BCE, he exposed and crushed the Catiline conspiracy, a plot to overthrow the Republic, earning the title 'Pater Patriae' (Father of the Fatherland). But he also made enemies: his execution of the conspirators without trial would haunt him. The political winds shifted; Clodius, his enemy, forced him into exile. He returned, but the Republic he loved was dying.
Cicero’s world, year by year
106 BCE43 BCE
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Dated facts
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- 106 BCEMarcus Tullius Cicero was born on 3 January 106 BCE in Arpinum, southeast of Rome, into a wealthy equestrian family.
- 76 BCEElected quaestor in 76 BCE at the minimum age, he entered the Senate and served in Sicily in 75 BCE.
- 70 BCEIn 70 BCE he successfully prosecuted Gaius Verres, governor of Sicily, for corruption, against the advocate Quintus Hortensius.
- 63 BCEAs consul in 63 BCE he suppressed the Catilinarian conspiracy, executing five conspirators without trial, and was hailed "pater patriae".
- 58 BCEHe was exiled in 58 BCE over those executions and recalled the following year.
- 51 BCEHe governed Cilicia from 51 BCE, supported Pompey in Caesar's civil war, and was pardoned after Caesar's victory.
- 44 BCEAfter Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE he led the Senate against Mark Antony in a series of speeches, the Philippics.
- 43 BCEProscribed by the Second Triumvirate, he was caught and killed on 7 December 43 BCE leaving his villa at Formiae for the coast.
Alive at the same time
Overlap Same years; not influence
Wars during this life
- Mithridatic Wars
- Gallic Wars
- Sulla's Civil Wars
- Second Servile War
- Social War (Italian War)
- Caesar's Civil War
Sources
Primary works and follow-on reading.
Primary Sources
- In Catilinam (Catiline Orations)
- Philippics
- De Officiis (On Duties)
- De Re Publica (On the Republic)
- De Amicitia (On Friendship)
- De Oratore
- Reference profile for Marcus Cicero
Further Reading
- On Duties - trans. Walter Miller (Loeb)
- On the Republic and On the Laws - trans. Clinton W. Keyes (Loeb)
- Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome’s Greatest Politician - Anthony Everitt
- Cicero: Selected Works - Penguin Classics
FAQ
Frequently asked questions about Marcus Cicero.
Who was Marcus Cicero?
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in 106 BCE in Arpinum, a provincial town about sixty miles from Rome. His family was prosperous but not noble, what Romans called 'new men' who had to make their way by talent rather than ancestry. Cicero chose law and rhetoric, studying in Rome, Athens, and Rhodes under the greatest teachers of the age. His voice became his weapon. He rose through the Roman political ranks, quaestor, aedile, praetor, winning each office at the youngest legal age. As consul in 63 BCE, he exposed and crushed the Catiline conspiracy, a plot to overthrow the Republic, earning the title 'Pater Patriae' (Father of the Fatherland). But he also made enemies: his execution of the conspirators without trial would haunt him. The political winds shifted; Clodius, his enemy, forced him into exile. He returned, but the Republic he loved was dying.
What was Marcus Cicero best known for?
Cicero is best known as a philosopher. Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher who defended the Republic through eloquence, law, and civic ethics.
When did Marcus Cicero live?
Cicero lived 106-43 BCE, born in -106 and died in -43, during the classical period.
Can I chat with an AI version of Marcus Cicero?
Yes, free. Anyone can ask Cicero, and a first question needs no account. Every answer is a Simulation in character, grounded in Cicero’s real life, work and era. A good first question is: "How do I persuade someone who disagrees with me without abandoning my principles?"
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- Persuasion & Speechcraft: Writing and delivering arguments that move minds and votes.
- Civic Leadership & Ethics: Grounding decisions in duty and the common good.
- Institutional Design: Shaping checks, balances, and constitutional order.
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