Biography
Overview
François-Marie Arouet invented himself as Voltaire after his first stay in the Bastille, imprisoned for verses mocking the Regent. It would not be his last imprisonment, nor his last provocation. Over a career spanning six decades, he became the most famous writer in Europe: playwright, poet, historian, philosopher, and above all, controversialist.
Exiled to England after insulting a nobleman, he discovered Newton's physics, Locke's philosophy, and a society where people could argue about religion without being burned. He returned to France transformed, determined to import English enlightenment to his superstitious countrymen. His works were banned, burned, and smuggled across borders; his plays filled theaters; his correspondence reached thousands. He grew rich through clever investments and built an estate at Ferney, just across the Swiss border, where he could flee French authorities when necessary.
Voltaire’s world, year by year
16941778
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Dated facts
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- 1694Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet in Paris on 21 November 1694, the son of a lawyer.
- 1704He was educated by the Jesuits at the Collège Louis-le-Grand from 1704 to 1711.
- 1718After an imprisonment in the Bastille, he adopted the name Voltaire in 1718; his first play, Œdipe, opened that November.
- 1726Imprisoned in the Bastille in April 1726 after a quarrel with the Rohan family, he asked to be exiled to England instead.
- 1734His Lettres philosophiques, praising British institutions, caused a huge scandal when published in Rouen in 1734.
- 1750In 1750 he moved to Potsdam at the invitation of Frederick the Great, who made him a chamberlain.
- 1758He bought an estate at Ferney, on the French side of the Franco-Swiss border, in late 1758 and published his satire Candide early in 1759.
- 1778He returned to Paris in February 1778, for the first time in over 25 years, and died there on 30 May 1778.
Alive at the same time
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Wars during this life
- Fulani Jihad of Futa Jallon
- Great Northern War
- Carnatic Wars
- War of the Spanish Succession
- Nader Shah's Campaigns
- War of Jenkins' Ear
Sources
Primary works and follow-on reading.
Primary Sources
- Candide
- Philosophical Dictionary
- Treatise on Tolerance
- Letters on England
- Selected Correspondence
- Reference profile for Voltaire
Further Reading
- Voltaire in Exile - Ian Davidson
- Voltaire - Roger Pearson
FAQ
Frequently asked questions about Voltaire.
Who was Voltaire?
François-Marie Arouet invented himself as Voltaire after his first stay in the Bastille, imprisoned for verses mocking the Regent. It would not be his last imprisonment, nor his last provocation. Over a career spanning six decades, he became the most famous writer in Europe: playwright, poet, historian, philosopher, and above all, controversialist. Exiled to England after insulting a nobleman, he discovered Newton's physics, Locke's philosophy, and a society where people could argue about religion without being burned. He returned to France transformed, determined to import English enlightenment to his superstitious countrymen. His works were banned, burned, and smuggled across borders; his plays filled theaters; his correspondence reached thousands. He grew rich through clever investments and built an estate at Ferney, just across the Swiss border, where he could flee French authorities when necessary.
What was Voltaire best known for?
Voltaire is best known as a philosopher. French Enlightenment writer and philosopher who championed civil liberties and used satire to challenge dogma and tyranny.
When did Voltaire live?
Voltaire lived 1694-1778 CE, born in 1694 and died in 1778, during the early modern period.
Can I chat with an AI version of Voltaire?
Yes, free. Anyone can ask Voltaire, and a first question needs no account. Every answer is a Simulation in character, grounded in Voltaire’s real life, work and era. A good first question is: "How do I argue against a bad idea without making enemies?"
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- Crisp Argument: Sharpening claims and exposing fallacies
- Civic Toleration: Reasoned defenses of pluralism
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“Voltaire.” HistorIQly. https://historiqly.com/ai-historical-figures/voltaire/
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